Na última vez que fui à China, tive oportunidade de ir ver o museu de medicina tradicional chinesa de Shanghai. A visita foi uma viagem fascinante desde os tempos primitivos até aos nossos dias.
Entrada Faculdade MTC Shanghai 上海中医药大学入口 Shanghai TCM University Entrance |
O museu tem literalmente pedaços e documentos da história e evolução da MTC e ao longo do seu percurso testemunhamos os primeiros registros dos tempos antigos, a sua constante evolução até chegarmos a atualidade e projetando a MTC para os tempos futuros.
inicio da visita ao museu |
“O homem está entre o céu e a terra” - "Huangdi Neijing" (O Clássico Interno do Imperador Amarelo - "Su Wen"capítulo 25)
Origens e Desenvolvimento
1. Período Antigo (Dinastia Zhou - cerca de 1046 a.C. a 256 a.C.):
caracteres antigos |
A MTC começou a se formar durante essa época, com base nas observações dos ciclos naturais e suas influências sobre o corpo humano. Textos primitivos como o Huangdi Neijing ("O Clássico Interno do Imperador Amarelo") consolidaram os princípios da medicina chinesa, incluindo conceitos como Yin-Yang (equilíbrio de forças opostas) e os Cinco Elementos (madeira, fogo, terra, metal e água).
Agulhas de osso Neolítico (10000-4000 anos atras) |
2. Dinastia Han (206 a.C. – 220 d.C.):
Nesta dinastia foi uma época de grande consolidação da MTC.
Réplica agulhas de ouro na Dinastia Han Réplica das 9 agulhas na Dinastia Han |
Registro sistema medico dinastia zhou Ocidental |
Neste período Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景), também conhecido como o "Sábio da Medicina", foi um proeminente médico, no Shanghan Lun,(Tratado sobre Danos por Frio e Doenças Diversas), desenvolveu teorias importantes sobre diagnósticos e tratamento clínico na MTC.
Bastão de moxa |
Muitas de suas fórmulas, como o "Gui Zhi Tang" (Decocção de Ramo de Canela), ainda são muito usadas na atualmente e com resultados espetaculares.
Sun Si Miao |
No livro, existem mais de 5.300 prescrições médicas para o tratamento de uma ampla gama de doenças. Ele cobre diversas áreas, como farmacologia, dietética, ginecologia, pediatria, cirurgia, além de práticas de acupuntura e moxabustão
SunSimiao chamado de "Rei da Medicina" na história chinesa devido às suas profundas contribuições à medicina, filosofia e ética no tratamento de pacientes, destacando a compaixão e o compromisso com o cuidado médico, conhecidos como o "Juramento de Sun Simiao", que é comparável ao Juramento de Hipócrates no Ocidente.
O desenvolvimento das escolas de acupuntura e da fitoterapia intensificou-se, e a medicina passou a integrar mais práticas, como a meditação e exercícios como o Qi Gong.
4. Dinastias Tang e Song (618 – 1279):
Este período foi considerado uma "era de ouro" para a MTC. A fundação de hospitais públicos e escolas de medicina permitiu a disseminação e formalização da prática médica. Além disso, houve a expansão do conhecimento médico através de viagens e trocas culturais com a Índia, a Pérsia e outras regiões da Ásia.
Durante a dinastia Tang, O governo estabeleceu instituições médicas oficiais, como a Academia Médica Imperial (Taiyi Yuan), onde médicos eram treinados em diversas disciplinas da medicina.
Esq: replicas de paginas do BU YI Li Gong Pao Zhi Dt: Ben Cao Gang Mu Shi Yi (compendio de matéria médica) |
Selo administração local de medicina, dinastia Ming |
Nei Jing Tu Imagem integral do corpo humano |
5. Dinastias Ming e Qing (1368 – 1912):
Durante as dinastias Ming (1368–1644) e Qing (1644–1912), a Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (MTC) continuou a evoluir significativamente, com importantes nomes e obras.Fumigador dinastia Ming (1366-1644) |
Ornamento em marfim para diagnostico ginecológico dinastia Ming |
6. Era Moderna (século XX e XXI):
Agulhas usadas por YangYongxuan (1911-1949) |
Com a Revolução Comunista em 1949, a MTC foi oficialmente promovida pelo governo chinês. Na década de 1950, a prática foi padronizada e formalizada nas instituições de saúde. Durante esse período, ocorreu a integração de elementos da medicina ocidental, criando um sistema de saúde híbrido que continua a se expandir até hoje.
Nomes como Zhang Xichun (1860-1933) que introduziu teorias modernas e promoveu a integração entre MTC e medicina ocidental, e como Zhu Hanzhang que apartir dos anos 1970s desenvolveu a acutomoterapia, combinando princípios da MTC com técnicas cirúrgicas, ajudaram a legitimar a MTC em contextos contemporâneos.
Nós os profissionais de hoje somos os herdeiros e responsáveis pela continuação, expansão e valorização desta "arte" milenar que tanto e tão bons benefícios trouxe a humanidade.
博物馆里展示了中医药历史和发展的各种文物和文献。在整个展览过程中,我们目睹了古代的早期记录,它不断演变,直到今天,展望了中医药的未来。
受此启发,我决定分享一段简短而概括的中医药历史。中医药的历史可以追溯到两千多年前,源于几千年来发展的传统和实践。中医药的哲学根基与道教、儒教和佛教密切相关,旨在将人体视为自然的一部分,强调人与自然环境之间的平衡。“人居天地之间” ——《黄帝内经》(《素问》第二十五章)
起源与发展
1. 古代时期(周朝,约公元前1046年至公元前256年):
中医药开始在这一时期逐渐成型,基于对自然周期及其对人体影响的观察。像《黄帝内经》这样的早期经典巩固了中医的基本原则,包括阴阳学说(对立力量的平衡)和五行学说(木、火、土、金、水)。
2. 汉朝(公元前206年至公元220年):
这一时期,中医药得到了极大的发展和巩固。
《神农本草经》是最早的中药经典之一,传统上归因于传说中的神农氏(据说生活在约公元前2800年),但实际上此书很可能在汉朝时期编纂。书中列出了365种药物,并根据它们的特性进行分类。
这段时期,张仲景(被誉为“医圣”)撰写的《伤寒论》奠定了重要的诊断和治疗理论,许多方剂如“桂枝汤”至今仍广泛使用,且效果显著。
针灸和艾灸也在这一时期获得了重要的发展。
3. 中世纪时期(公元220年至907年):
在这一时期,中医药繁荣发展,名医如孙思邈撰写了《千金要方》这样的重要著作,其中包含5300多种治疗不同疾病的方剂。他还强调医者的慈悲与责任感,被誉为“药王”,其《大医精诚》被称为中医的“希波克拉底誓言”。
针灸学派和中草药学在这一时期得到了进一步发展,同时融入了冥想和气功等修炼方法。
4. 唐宋时期(618年至1279年):
这个时期被视为中医的“黄金时代”。公共医院和医学院的建立推动了中医的传播与规范化。通过与印度、波斯及亚洲其他地区的文化交流,中医的知识进一步扩展。
唐朝政府设立了太医署等官方医疗机构,培养医生。唐代药典《唐本草》系统地记录了草药及其他药物。
宋代进一步发展了医学教育体系,制定了系统化的医师培训课程。宋朝医学家编纂的《太平圣惠方》是当时最全面的医学书籍之一。
5. 明清时期(1368年至1912年):
在明朝时期,李时珍编撰了《本草纲目》,这是一部完整的中药学典籍。张景岳的《景岳全书》强化了阴阳理论。
清朝时期,王清任的《医林改错》强调了人体解剖学的重要性,吴鞠通的《温病条辨》则探讨了温热病的治疗方法。西方医学开始传入中国,形成了传统与现代医学的交融。
6. 现代时期(20世纪至今):
1949年中华人民共和国成立后,中医药得到了政府的支持,1950年代开始在医疗机构中标准化。中西医结合的医疗体系自此不断发展。
张锡纯等医生通过引入现代医学理论促进了中西医的融合,而朱汉章等人在20世纪70年代开发了结合中医和外科手术技术的针刀医学。
通过这段简短的中医药历史回顾可以看出,我们在诊疗中每一个观察、每一针的施术、每一剂药方的使用,都是几千年经验的积淀。我们今天的医者是这一古老艺术的继承者,肩负着继续弘扬、扩展和珍视它的责任。
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The last time I went to China, I had the opportunity to visit the Traditional Chinese Medicine Museum in Shanghai. The visit was a fascinating journey from primitive times to the present day.
The museum literally contains pieces and documents of the history and evolution of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and throughout the visit, we witness the earliest records from ancient times, its constant evolution up to the present day, and the projection of TCM into the future.
Inspired by this, I thought of sharing a brief and summarized text about the history of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
"Man is between heaven and earth" - "Huangdi Neijing" (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon - "Su Wen" Chapter 25)
Origins and Development
1. Ancient Period (Zhou Dynasty – approx. 1046 B.C. to 256 B.C.):
TCM began to take shape during this period, based on the observation of natural cycles and their influences on the human body. Primitive texts such as the Huangdi Neijing ("The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon") consolidated the principles of Chinese medicine, including concepts like Yin-Yang (balance of opposing forces) and the Five Elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water).
2. Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.):
This was a period of great consolidation for TCM.
The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (神农本草经), or the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, is one of the earliest known texts on Chinese herbal medicine. Traditionally attributed to the legendary Emperor Shennong (the "Divine Farmer"), who supposedly lived around 2800 B.C., this text is a fundamental work in the history of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
Although Shennong is a mythical figure, it is believed that the text was compiled during this dynasty. The book lists and categorizes around 365 medicinal substances based on their properties and effects.
During this period, Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景), also known as the "Sage of Medicine," was a prominent physician. In his Shanghan Lun (Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases), he developed important theories on diagnosis and clinical treatment in TCM.
Many of his formulas, such as Gui Zhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction), are still widely used today with remarkable results.
It was also during this period that acupuncture and moxibustion gained importance.
3. Medieval Period (220 A.D. – 907 A.D.):
During this phase, TCM flourished with contributions from physicians like Sun Simiao, who wrote major works such as Qian Jin Yao Fang ("Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces").
This book contains over 5,300 medical prescriptions for treating a wide range of diseases. It covers various areas such as pharmacology, dietetics, gynecology, pediatrics, surgery, as well as acupuncture and moxibustion practices.
Sun Simiao, known as the "King of Medicine," is revered in Chinese history for his profound contributions to medicine, philosophy, and medical ethics, emphasizing compassion and commitment to patient care. His "Oath of Sun Simiao" is comparable to the Hippocratic Oath in the West.
The development of acupuncture schools and herbal medicine intensified during this period, integrating practices such as meditation and exercises like Qi Gong.
4. Tang and Song Dynasties (618 – 1279):
This period was considered a "golden age" for TCM. The establishment of public hospitals and medical schools allowed the dissemination and formalization of medical practice. Additionally, medical knowledge expanded through travel and cultural exchanges with India, Persia, and other regions of Asia.
During the Tang Dynasty, the government established official medical institutions, such as the Imperial Medical Academy (Taiyi Yuan), where physicians were trained in various disciplines of medicine. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, the "Tang Bencao" (唐本草) was compiled, which is one of the most important pharmacopeias in TCM. It contained detailed descriptions of plant-based medicines and other therapeutic elements.
The Song Dynasty saw continued advances but with a greater focus on organizing medical knowledge and improving treatments. The Imperial Medical School was expanded, and medical education was formalized with specific curricula, emphasizing rigorous physician training.
5. Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368 – 1912):
During the Ming Dynasty, figures such as Li Shizhen, author of the famous Bencao Gangmu ("Compendium of Materia Medica"), and Zhang Jingyue, who wrote Jingyue Quanshu ("Complete Works of Jingyue"), reinforced theories about Yin-Yang balance.
During the Qing Dynasty, Wang Qingren wrote Yilin Gaicuo ("Correction of Errors in the Forest of Medicine"), emphasizing the importance of anatomy, while Wu Jutong contributed to the Wenbing Tiaobian ("Differentiated Treatise on Epidemic Fevers"). This era also saw the influence of Western medicine, leading to debates and synthesis between the two traditions.
6. Modern Era (20th and 21st Centuries):
With the Communist Revolution in 1949, TCM was officially promoted by the Chinese government. In the 1950s, the practice was standardized and formalized within health institutions, integrating elements of Western medicine to create a hybrid healthcare system that continues to expand today.
Figures like Zhang Xichun (1860-1933), who introduced modern theories and promoted the integration of TCM and Western medicine, and Zhu Hanzhang, who in the 1970s developed acupotomy by combining TCM principles with surgical techniques, helped legitimize TCM in contemporary contexts.
As we can see in this brief and highly summarized presentation of TCM history, every gesture we make in consultations—such as observing the tongue and feeling the pulse,